Law of adjacency: When we remember things from past experiences, we also remember actions or other associations with this object that were originally experienced with this entity. Sutherland comments: “These differences are probably due to the difference in the social position of girls and women compared to boys and men. Girls are very carefully brought up and supervised and taught what should be enjoyable, while boys learn to be rough and tough, and the boy who adopts the behavior of girls is considered `Sissy` among his peers and ridiculed. David Hume explained that each of our experiences has no substantial reality behind it, and all the logic and thought that comes after is based on these three simple laws of association. This is because when something happens, it is quickly associated in our minds with events that have already happened, which were very similar, and it is added to the list of that particular association. So the next time a similar situation or event occurs, you will remember your previous experiences while the current event is reabsorbed into your mind. It is a set of things that happen in your life that are stored in your head in a very organized way that also helps you understand things or prevents you from repeating the mistakes you used to make. There is a controlled association in the word arithmetic. Rapid addition, subtraction or multiplication would be impossible without an effective set. Here, the whole is a response to the task. When reading, the whole is a response to the context.
The meaning of a word is invoked by the context. Experiences that occur together or follow closely follow each other tend to coincide and form an association. Experiences that occur simultaneously or in close succession tend to revive each other afterwards. Aristotle`s analysis of learning memory encompasses four laws of association: the laws of contingency, contrast, frequency, and similarity. Taking into account learning and memory in relation to such laws of association is called associationism. If you give the subject the emotional word “table,” they can respond by saying “dinner” or “chair.” The word retrieved depends on the frequency, topicality and intensity of the association. The perception of lightning can suggest the idea of thunder, as they have been perceived up close in the past. The perception of mango flowers suggests the idea of the mango eater for the same reason.
Adjacency association is determined by continuity of attention and interest. We take care of an inkwell and a pen together at the time of writing. Their union is determined by the unity of interests. An experiment can test free association. The subject is given a series of words as stimuli and asked to respond to each word by saying another word suggested to his mind. He has to say the first word, he recalls. Third, tests can reveal an individual`s emotional “complexes” that are very intense. Hesitation and hugging in reaction to words referring to money betray his financial difficulties. Psychoanalysts use tests of free association to discover complexes. In a controlled association test, the subject is adjusted or prepared for a specific type of response.
For example, he will say the opposite of irritating words. And he willingly responds to the emotional words “high,” “rich,” etc., by saying “weak,” “poor,” and so on. The preparation set is favorable for proper recovery. It influences the choice of the right word. Similarly, the contrast between criminals and non-criminals in terms of connection and behavior leads to disputes and confrontations that end up exacerbating crime. Aristotle speaks of the laws of succession in time and suggests that human behavior is a phenomenon that persists through uninterrupted connections. Therefore, this idea, known as associationism, successfully explains our entire source of psychic activity. Our mental processing is based on our senses, ideas and perceptions.
These elements are stored in the form of multiple associations that help us understand and understand new things in general through what we have already experienced or experienced through other mediums. Our interconnected experiences tend to come from the whole and the systems. In this way, bonds of association are created between the whole and the heirs, between the parts among themselves and between the parts and the whole. This law works in higher processes. There is a similarity between Stout`s and Drever`s views. After Aristotle, the theory of associationism almost disappeared from general psychology until John Locke and David Hume put forward their arguments about this theory and revived it. In free association, one idea proposes another, which in turn suggests another, and so on, without any examination. Reverie is the best example of free association. Ideas freely propose other ideas in a continuous stream of ideas during daydreams. In the construction of “castles in the air”, ideas are freely and uncontrolled. There is free association here.
But it`s emotionally motivated. The suggestive forces operate according to certain laws. These are the different ways of connecting the associations between perception and ideas. David Hartley taught that adjacency is the main law of association, and since he believed it to be the primary source, Hartley ignored David Hume`s law of similarity (Warren, 1921). [1] ► It was David Hartley, an English doctor, who popularized the theory of associationism through his book “Observations of Man”. Finally, he stressed that it is the desire for coexistence that leads offenders to form their associations to assist each other in their criminal activities. Obviously, these trends have a psychological effect that puts a person in crime. The study of associationism was initiated by Aristotle in 350 BC! Association is the link between a perception of an idea or between one idea and another, thanks to which one appears in consciousness tends to revive the other. In the past, you have always perceived a pen and an inkwell together; A connection has been made between the ideas of the two articles in your mind; So whenever you notice or think of one of them, you remember the other.
Associationism in psychology is a theory that states that all our senses and ideas are grouped into a series of associations in our minds that help us think, understand, and evaluate things in our mental process. This theory has its own concepts and laws that have been brought by many psychologists over the years. The main laws of association are (1) adjacency, (2) repetition, (3) attention, (4) pleasure-pain, and (5) similarity. The basic laws were formulated by Aristotle around 300 BC. AD and by John Locke in the seventeenth century. Both philosophers taught that the mind at birth is a blank slate and that all knowledge must be acquired through learning. The laws they taught still form the backbone of modern learning theory. [1] In this test, the subject must respond to each emotional word with a word reported to him.
He may be asked to give the antonym of a word. He may be asked to mention a part of each object designated by a word. Or he may be asked to mention the upper class to which the word emotional belongs. An intelligent subject takes less time to respond in a simply controlled association test. This creates in them the feeling of being outside the caste, and their dissatisfaction, vengeful attitude towards women and irritation leads them to resort to criminal acts in order to obtain what they could not otherwise achieve by legitimate means. Aristotle (350 BC), the Greek scientist who studied at Plato`s Academy in Athens, developed four laws of associationism. Although it is said that the original inspiration comes from the work of Plato. These laws clarify many concepts related to the association of our thought process with our past experiences. When a particular objective controls the associative process, it is called controlled association.