Abuse of women during childbirth is a newly identified global problem and a fundamental violation of women`s rights. [230] [231] Abuse during childbirth is neglect, physical abuse and disrespect during childbirth. This treatment is considered a violation of women`s rights. It also has the effect of preventing women from using antenatal care and other health services. Her arguments found little support among her contemporaries,[117] but her attempt to amend the Reform Act drew more attention to the question of women`s suffrage in Britain. [118] Initially one of many campaigns for women`s rights, the right to vote became the main concern of the British women`s movement in the early 20th century. [119] At the time, the choice was limited to wealthy landowners under the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom. This regulation implicitly excluded women, as property law and marriage law granted men property rights in marriage or inheritance until the 19th century. Although male suffrage developed throughout the century, in the 1830s the Reform Act of 1832 and the Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 explicitly prohibited women from voting at the national and local levels. [120] Millicent Fawcett and Emmeline Pankhurst led the public campaign for women`s suffrage, and in 1918 a law was passed allowing women over 30 to vote. [120] 17th-century natural law philosophers in Britain and America, such as Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and John Locke, developed the theory of natural rights with reference to ancient philosophers such as Aristotle and the Christian theologian of Thomas Aquinas. Like ancient philosophers, 17th century natural law philosophers defended slavery and an inferior status of women in law. [144] Citing ancient Greek philosophers, natural law philosophers argued that natural rights were not derived from God, but were “universal, obvious, and intuitive,” a law found in nature.
They believed that natural rights were self-evident to “civilized man” who lives “in the highest form of society.” [145] Natural rights derived from human nature, a concept first established by the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno of Citium in Concerning Human Nature. Zeno maintained that every rational and civilized male Greek citizen had within him a “divine spark” or “soul” that existed independently of the body. Zeno founded Stoic philosophy and the idea of a human nature was adopted by other Greek philosophers and later by philosophers of natural law and Western humanists. [146] Aristotle developed the widespread idea of rationality, arguing that man was a “rational animal” and, as such, a natural force of reason. Concepts of human nature in ancient Greece depended on gender, ethnicity, and other qualifications,[147] and 17th-century natural law philosophers viewed women, as well as children, slaves, and non-whites, as neither “rational” nor “civilized.” [145] Natural law philosophers argued that the inferior status of women was a matter of “common sense” and a matter of “nature.” They believed that women could not be treated as equals because of their “inner nature.” [144] The omission of women`s rights has not gone unnoticed. Many women and advocacy groups have written to President Johnson expressing the need to extend Executive Order 11246 to the enforcement of discrimination against women. The following are examples of letters sent to President Johnson.